Anxiety and Depression Family Medicine Textbook by B Rothberg & Schneck
Qatar Med J. 2021; 2021(3): 68.
Prevalence of depression and feet among male person patients with COVID-19 in Lebsayyer Field Infirmary, Qatar
Nashwan Zainal Deen
1Family Medicine Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar E-mail service: aq.damah@needN
Amr Al-Sharafi
iFamily Medicine Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar Eastward-mail: aq.damah@needN
Mohamed Abdalla
1Family Medicine Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar E-mail: aq.damah@needN
Mohammed Mushtaha
1Family Medicine Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar Due east-mail: aq.damah@needN
Ahmad Mohamed
2Urology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
Sana Saleem
3Anesthesiology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
Yazan Nofal
fourNeurology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
Mohamed Adil Shah Khoodoruth
5Psychiatry Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
Abdulla Al-Naimi
2Urology Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
Received 2021 May 4; Accepted 2021 Oct xix.
Abstract
Background: Depression and anxiety are major wellness problems found to be associated with various weather. COVID-xix is a global pandemic that has a substantial result on the worldwide population. This report aimed to assess the prevalence of depression and anxiety among male patients with COVID-xix and explore their relationship with participants' characteristics.
Methods: This cross-exclusive report was conducted among departer male patients with COVID-19 admitted to Lebsayyer Field Hospital in Qatar with mild COVID-19 (co-ordinate to Globe Health Organization classification) from July till August 2020. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula based on disease prevalence. All eligible patients were invited to participate until reaching 400 participants, who and then completed an anonymous survey of sociodemographic questions, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 questionnaire, which are validated screening tools for depression and anxiety, respectively.
Results: Of the 400 participants, 148 (37.0%) and 77 (19.3%) reported depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively. Depression was more prevalent among those forty–49 years old (p = 0.029), while feet was more prevalent among people aged ≥ 50 (p = 0.456). Both low (p = 0.009) and feet (p = 0.042) were more than prevalent among Bangladeshi, followed past Filipino participants. Depression was more prevalent among those with the highest income (> 15,000 QR; p = 0.004), in contrast to feet, which was more prevalent among those with the lowest monthly income ( < ii,000 QR; p = 0.039).
Conclusion: The prevalence of depressive and feet symptoms is high among the written report participants. Associated factors identified by the written report were unsteady income, poor cocky-rated health, living with family, Southeast Asian ethnicity, and age group of 40–49 years.
Keywords: COVID-xix, pandemic, depression, feet, prevalence, Qatar
Introduction
COVID-xix is an on-going global pandemic that was initially notified every bit a cluster of cases of "viral pneumonia of unknown cause" identified in Wuhan, Cathay, in December 2019 and subsequently determined to be caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-two). 1 SARS-CoV-ii is a highly contagious and sometimes fatal virus rapidly spreading globally by human-to-human being transmission via droplets or past indirect contact with contaminated objects. 2 The outbreak was declared a public-health emergency of international business organization in January 2020 and a pandemic in March 2020 by the World Health Arrangement. 3
Qatar is a gulf state with a population of 2.8 million in 2020 iv , of which >85% were expatriates. Qatar recorded its offset COVID-19 case on February 29, 2020 five , and the numbers have been increasing and reached 227,055 by August 05, 2021. 6 Since March 30, 2020, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) appear the designation of Hazm Mebaireek General Hospital as a COVID-nineteen handling facility to provide high-quality care for patients with COVID-xix. 7 On April 09, 2020, ii primary health centers were designated for screening, testing, and quarantine for suspected COVID-19 cases. viii Shortly later on, many new hospitals –including Lebsayyer Field Hospital (LFH) –were launched to provide care to patients with COVID-nineteen. LFH is a temporary hospital previously used by the armed services and converted into a healthcare facility dedicated to receiving patients who were clinically improving from college-level hospitals also as patients with noncritically sick status in the customs. LFH is a 504-bed facility established to admit blueish-collar expatriate male person workers, where every patient is admitted to a unmarried en suite room. It provides them with disease monitoring, medical care, and social activities.
Widespread outbreaks of infectious diseases are non only associated with physical illness but likewise psychological distress and symptoms of mental disorders. 9 Depression and feet are the almost prevalent mental disorders worldwide. Depression characteristics include low mood or loss of interest and can cause significant difficulties in daily life. 10 Anxiety is defined as excessive, out of proportion, and difficult-to-control worry and distress upon dealing with life events. Depression and anxiety oft coexist. Each can negatively impact the natural history and outcomes of the other, increasing morbidity and mortality and accounting for substantial healthcare costs. eleven Medical illnesses are associated with college prevalence of depression and anxiety, and there are meaningful connections between viral diseases and depression and anxiety. 12
The COVID-nineteen pandemic elicits stress due to fear of loss of employment, financial insecurity, social isolation, stigma, and death. 13 Cuiyan et al. examined the initial psychological responses of the Chinese public to the COVID-19 outbreak using an online survey. They institute that sixteen.5% of the respondents reported moderate-to-astringent depressive symptoms, and 28.8% reported moderate-to-severe feet symptoms. xiv Lei et al. also showed that the prevalence of anxiety and depression among individuals affected by quarantine during the COVID-19 epidemic in Southwestern Prc is higher than that amidst the unaffected population. 9 A nationwide study as well conducted past Seoul National University Bundang Hospital in South korea concluded that the odds of COVID-nineteen survivors having low were 3.34 higher than that of the control group. xv A cross-sectional study conducted in Jianghan Fangcang Shelter Infirmary in Mainland china also ended that the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with COVID-19 were eighteen.6% and 13.four%, respectively. xvi Furthermore, symptoms of low were common among patients who had undergone quarantine for symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-xix (44%), as highlighted by a study conducted in Jordan. 17
In this cantankerous-sectional study, nosotros aimed to assess the prevalence of low and anxiety amidst male patients with COVID-19 in LFH in Qatar and explore their relationship with participants' demographic characteristics, perception of noesis nigh COVID-19 and perceived health status. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Qatar looking at the prevalence of low and anxiety in a field hospital dedicated to male person migrant workers with COVID-nineteen. This study tin be a potential step to implement targeted interventions that assistance patients return to their everyday life.
Methodology
Study designs
This cross-sectional study was conducted between July 13, 2020 and August 23, 2020 among male patients with COVID-xix at LFH, a 504-bed facility opened by HMC in May 2020. Ethical blessing was obtained from HMC Medical Research Eye (Ref no. MRC-05-111).
We submitted the protocol on May 19, 2020, when Qatar'south total number of COVID-19 cases was 33,969.
With Cochran'southward formula for sample size adding, a minimum sample size of 380 was calculated based on a population size of 33,969, precision of 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval. For greater accuracy, nosotros increased the sample size to 400.
A total of 400 patients were successfully recruited. Participants were given an information sail about the study, written in their native language. Recruited patients consented to participate and consummate the written report anonymous paper surveys.
Participants
All male patients with COVID-19, aged ≥ 18 years, at LFH were given an information canvas one day before completing 14 days of their showtime positive swab PCR issue. The written report was explained to the patients in their linguistic communication, and they had one day to decide regarding participation. Recruitment was finished after nosotros reached a target sample of 400 consented participants.
We excluded patients who reported a previous history of a mental illness and patients who were unable to speak and read any of the languages in which the validated Patient Wellness Questionnaire-ix (PHQ-9) or Generalized Feet Disorder-vii (GAD-7) were bachelor; i.e., English, Arabic, Hindi, Malayalam, Bangladeshi, and Urdu. 18-26
Instrument
We used a paper survey. To protect participants and team members, each participant was given an alcohol-sanitized pen, and the papers were kept in a closed drawer within a locked room for 14 days earlier information were entered into a password-locked computer for analysis. The survey consisted of iii sections. The outset is an introductory information section, asking about age, nationality, marital status, living status, current job, monthly income, level of education, perceived noesis virtually COVID-xix, and perception of health condition.
The second department is the 9-item depression scale, PHQ-9. eighteen The third section is the 7-item feet scale, GAD-7. 19 Each item in both scales is rated from 0 (not at all) to 3 (almost every day) based on reported symptoms in the preceding 14 days. The survey was available in six different languages (English, Arabic, Hindi, Malayalam, Bangladeshi, and Urdu). The introductory information section was translated into these languages past bilingual healthcare professionals in HMC, and the validated translated versions of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were utilized. 18–26
PHQ-9 was used because of its ease of use, sensitivity to modify over time, reliability and validity. 27 We used the score cut-offs of 5, 10, xv, and twenty points to estimate the prevalence of mild, moderate, severe, and very severe depressive symptoms, respectively. 18 GAD-seven scale was used as a brief screening tool for GAD that helps place likely GAD cases and measure symptom severity. We used the score cut-offs of five, 10, and 15 points to estimate the prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe anxiety symptoms, respectively. xix
However, as the cut-off score of ≥ 10 points was constitute to achieve the optimal residual between sensitivity and specificity for both PHQ-nine (88% and 85%, respectively) and GAD-seven (89% and 82%, respectively), this cutting-off was used when conducting the association analysis. 28,29
Statistical assay
Data were presented using descriptive statistics in the form of percentages for qualitative variables. A chi-foursquare exam was performed to compare the prevalence of low, anxiety, and other variables. Logistic regression analysis was further undertaken to make up one's mind if any of the core demographic variables differed significantly in male patients with COVID-xix who were depressed and broken-hearted. A one-sided P-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows (version 25.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
Descriptive information
The sample consisted of 400 participants (Table 1). Of all the subjects, 121 were < thirty years onetime, 95 were 30–39 years old, 79 were forty–49 years former and 103 were fifty years or older.
Table 1
Sociodemographic characteristics of the sample.
| Age | ||||||
| | ||||||
| Variables | < 30 years | 30–39 years | xl–49 years | ≥ 50 years | Total | P-value |
| | ||||||
| Nationality/Ethnicity | ||||||
| | ||||||
| Nepali | 90 (74.4%) | 38 (twoscore%) | 21 (26.6%) | five (4.ix%) | 155 (38.8%) | 0.001 |
| | ||||||
| Indian | 1 (0.8%) | 13 (13.7%) | 25 (31.half-dozen%) | 32 (31.1%) | 71 (17.8%) | |
| | ||||||
| Arab | 17 (14%) | xvi (16.8%) | 7 (8.nine%) | 15 (14.6%) | 55 (thirteen.viii%) | |
| | ||||||
| Bangladeshi | vi (5%) | ten (x.5%) | 13 (16.5%) | 23 (22.3%) | 53 (xiii.3%) | |
| | ||||||
| Filipino | 1 (0.8%) | three (3.2%) | iii (iii.8%) | 7 (6.8%) | 14 (3.5%) | |
| | ||||||
| Others | vi (5%) | xv (xv.eight%) | 10 (12.7%) | 21 (xx.4%) | 52 (thirteen%) | |
| | ||||||
| Marital status | ||||||
| | ||||||
| Married | 42 (35.ane%) | 81 (85.3%) | 71 (89.9%) | 100 (97.one%) | 295 (73.9%) | 0.001 |
| | ||||||
| Unmarried | 78 (64.9%) | thirteen (13.7%) | half dozen (vii.6%) | 3 (2.nine%) | 101 (25.4%) | |
| | ||||||
| Divorced | 0 | 1 (ane.1%) | 2 (2.5%) | 0 | 3 (0.9%) | |
| | ||||||
| Widower | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| | ||||||
| Living conditions | ||||||
| | ||||||
| With colleagues | 72 (59.five%) | 56 (58.nine%) | 49 (62%) | xxx (29.1%) | 208 (52%) | 0.001 |
| | ||||||
| Lone | xl (33.one%) | 26 (27.4%) | 16 (twenty.3%) | 48 (46.half dozen%) | 130 (32.5%) | |
| | ||||||
| With family | ix (seven.4%) | thirteen (13.vii%) | xiv (17.7%) | 25 (24.3%) | 62 (15.five%) | |
| | ||||||
| Current job | ||||||
| | ||||||
| Nonemployed | 12 (9.9%) | 11 (11.vi%) | 10 (thirteen%) | 12 (11.7%) | 45 (11.4%) | 0.577 |
| | ||||||
| Employed function fourth dimension | 4 (three.3%) | 8 (8.4%) | 9 (xi.7%) | v (4.nine%) | 26 (6.6%) | |
| | ||||||
| Employed full time | 105 (86.viii%) | 74 (77.9%) | 58 (73.7%) | 85 (82.5%) | 324 (81%) | |
| | ||||||
| Retired | 0 | 2 (2.ane%) | ane (1.six%) | 1 (1%) | 4 (ane%) | |
| | ||||||
| Monthly income (QR) | ||||||
| | ||||||
| < two,000 | 16 (thirteen.ii%) | 26 (27.four%) | 37 (46.8%) | 47 (45.half dozen%) | 127 (31.8%) | 0.001 |
| | ||||||
| 2,000–v,000 | 23 (19.0%) | 32 (33.7%) | 18 (22.8%) | 28 (27.2%) | 101 (25.3%) | |
| | ||||||
| 5,000–xv,000 | 80 (66.1%) | 35 (36.viii%) | 20 (25.3%) | 24 (23.3%) | 160 (xl%) | |
| | ||||||
| > 15,000 | ii (1.7%) | ii (ii.1%) | 4 (5.1%) | four (three.9%) | 12 (three%) | |
| | ||||||
| Level of education | ||||||
| | ||||||
| No school | ane (0.8%) | 2 (2.1%) | 5 (half-dozen.3%) | 8 (7.viii%) | 16 (4%) | 0.001 |
| | ||||||
| Primary schoolhouse | ten (8.three%) | sixteen (xvi.viii%) | xv (19%) | 35 (34%) | 77 (19.iii%) | |
| | ||||||
| Secondary school | 61 (fifty.4%) | 45 (47.four%) | 38 (48.1%) | 41 (39.8%) | 185 (46%) | |
| | ||||||
| University or higher | 49 (40.five%) | 32 (33.seven%) | 21 (26.6%) | nineteen (18.4%) | 122 (thirty.5%) | |
| | ||||||
| How do you consider your knowledge virtually COVID-19? | ||||||
| | ||||||
| Poor | xv (12.4%) | 14 (14.7%) | 5 (vi.iii%) | 15 (15%) | 49 (12.iv%) | 0.001 |
| | ||||||
| Average | 58 (47.9%) | 38 (xl%) | 41 (51.9%) | 44 (43%) | 181 (45.v%) | |
| | ||||||
| Good | 48 (39.7%) | 43 (45.three%) | 33 (41.8%) | 43 (42%) | 168 (42.ii%) | |
| | ||||||
| How practise you lot perceive your wellness condition? | ||||||
| | ||||||
| Poor | 1 (0.8%) | 4 (four.2%) | 0 | 1 (1.0%) | half dozen (1.5%) | 0.006 |
| | ||||||
| Average | 13 (ten.seven%) | 10 (ten.5%) | 21 (26.6%) | 25 (24.three%) | 69 (17.3%) | |
| | ||||||
| Skillful | 107 (88.4%) | 81 (85.3%) | 58 (73.4%) | 77 (74.8%) | 325 (81.three%) | |
| | ||||||
| Total | 121 (30.25%) | 95 (23.75%) | 79 (19.75%) | 103 (25.75%) | 400 (100%) | |
| | ||||||
The bulk of participants were Nepalese (155), followed by Indians (71), Arabs (55), Bangladeshi (53) and Filipino (fourteen), while other nationalities constituted 52 of the participants. Moreover, 295 were married, 101 were unmarried, 3 were divorced, and i did not state his status (Tabular array 1). Virtually half of the participants (208) were living with colleagues, 130 were living alone, and 62 were living with their families. Most of the participants (324) had a full-fourth dimension chore, while 45 were nonemployed, xxx either had a part-time job or were retired, and 1 did not reply to this question. In addition, 160 participants had a monthly income of five,000–15,000 QR, followed past 127 earning < ii,000 QR, 101 earning two,000–5,000 QR and 12 earning >15,000 QR. So, 307 participants take a secondary school degree or higher; 349 participants considered themselves to take an boilerplate-to-expert knowledge nigh COVID-19, 49 have poor knowledge about it and two did not answer this question. Furthermore, 394 participants perceived their health status as average to good, while six perceived it as poor (Table 1).
Chief results
Of the 400 participants, 148 (37.0%) reported depressive symptoms (Tabular array ii and Effigy 1), and 77 (19.3%) reported feet symptoms (Table 3 and Figure 2). The majority of the participants who reported depressive and anxiety symptoms had mild symptoms: 98 (24.5%) had PHQ-nine score of v–ix points (depression) and 55 (thirteen.8%) had GAD-vii score of 5–ix points (anxiety).
Prevalence of depressive symptoms amid male person patients with COVID-19 at Lebsayyer Field Infirmary
Prevalence of feet symptoms among male patients with COVID-19 at Lebsayyer Field Hospital
Table 2
| Depressive Symptoms | PHQ-9 | Frequency | Per centum |
| | |||
| Mild | 5–ix | 98 | (24.5%) |
| | |||
| Moderate | x–14 | 35 | (8.75%) |
| | |||
| Astringent | xv–19 | 11 | (two.75%) |
| | |||
| Very severe | 20–27 | 4 | (i%) |
| | |||
| Total | 148 | (37%) | |
| | |||
Table 3
| Anxiety Symptoms | GAD-7 | Frequency | Pct |
| | |||
| Mild | five–9 | 55 | (13.75%) |
| | |||
| Moderate | 10–14 | 18 | (4.five%) |
| | |||
| Severe | xv–21 | 4 | (1%) |
| | |||
| Total | 77 | (19.25%) | |
| | |||
We based our analysis on those who reported at least moderate symptoms, and they were l (12.5%) participants scoring ≥ 10 points in PHQ-9 (for depression) and 22 (5.v%) scoring ≥ x points in GAD-7 (for feet). Interestingly, 72.vii% of those with anxiety had comorbid depression simultaneously, i.eastward., 16 participants (4.0%) (Table four).
Table four
| Variables | Depression | P-value | Anxiety | P-value | Low and anxiety | P-value |
| | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| | ||||||
| < xxx years | 8 (6.6%) | 0.029 | four (iii.iii%) | 0.456 | 3 (2.5%) | 0.416 |
| | ||||||
| thirty–39 years | 10 (ten.5%) | iv (4.2%) | 2 (ii.1%) | |||
| | ||||||
| 40–49 years | sixteen (20.3%) | 5 (6.3%) | 4 (5.1%) | |||
| | ||||||
| ≥ 50 years | 15 (14.6%) | viii (vii.eight%) | 6 (5.eight%) | |||
| | ||||||
| Nationality/ethnicity | ||||||
| | ||||||
| Bangladeshi | 14 (26.four%) | 0.009 | 8 (15.1%) | 0.042 | 6 (11.3%) | 0.106 |
| | ||||||
| Filipino | 3 (21.4%) | 1 (vii.1%) | 0 (0%) | |||
| | ||||||
| Indian | 9 (12.7%) | three (4.ii%) | 2 (ii.eight%) | |||
| | ||||||
| Nepali | 12 (vii.7%) | v (3.ii%) | 4 (ii.6%) | |||
| | ||||||
| Arab | 4 (7.iii%) | 3 (5.v%) | two (iii.6%) | |||
| | ||||||
| Others | 8 (15.4%) | 2 (3.8%) | 2 (3.viii%) | |||
| | ||||||
| Marital condition | ||||||
| | ||||||
| Divorced | 2 (66.seven%) | 0.134 | 2 (66.seven%) | 0.562 | ii (66.7%) | 0.326 |
| | ||||||
| Married | 40 (13.6%) | 16 (five.4%) | 12 (4.1%) | |||
| | ||||||
| Single | viii (7.9%) | 4 (4.0%) | 2 (2%) | |||
| | ||||||
| Widower | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| | ||||||
| Living conditions | ||||||
| | ||||||
| With family | 14 (22.6%) | 0.025 | 5 (8.1%) | 0.486 | 3 (four.8%) | 0.935 |
| | ||||||
| Alone | sixteen (12.3%) | 8 (6.2%) | 5 (3.viii%) | |||
| | ||||||
| With colleagues | 20 (9.6%) | 9 (4.3%) | 8 (3.8%) | |||
| | ||||||
| Current job | ||||||
| | ||||||
| Nonemployed | 6 (xiii.3%) | 0.525 | 5 (xi.1%) | 0.181 | iv (8.9%) | 0.08 |
| | ||||||
| Employed function time | 5 (xix.2%) | 1 (3.8%) | 0 (0%) | |||
| | ||||||
| Employed full time | 38 (11.vii%) | 15 (4.6%) | xi (iii.iv%) | |||
| | ||||||
| Retired | i (25.0%) | 1 (25.0%) | 1 (25%) | |||
| | ||||||
| Monthly income (QR) | ||||||
| | ||||||
| < 2,000 | 23 (18.1%) | 0.004 | 13 (10.2%) | 0.039 | 10 (seven.nine%) | 0.054 |
| | ||||||
| 2,000–five,000 | 12 (eleven.9%) | four (4.0%) | 3 (iii%) | |||
| | ||||||
| 5,000–15,000 | 11 (vi.ix%) | 5 (three.i%) | 3 (1.ix%) | |||
| | ||||||
| > 15,000 | 4 (33.3%) | 0 | 0 | |||
| | ||||||
| Level of educational activity | ||||||
| | ||||||
| No schoolhouse | 3 (18.8%) | 0.057 | ii (12.5%) | 0.328 | i (six.iii%) | 0.17 |
| | ||||||
| Primary schoolhouse | 12 (15.6%) | vi (7.viii%) | 5 (6.5%) | |||
| | ||||||
| Secondary school | 28 (fifteen.1%) | x (5.4%) | nine (4.ix%) | |||
| | ||||||
| University or college | vii (5.7%) | 4 (3.iii%) | ane (0.eight%) | |||
| | ||||||
| How do you consider your cognition about COVID-19? | ||||||
| | ||||||
| Poor | four (8.ii%) | 0.067 | four (viii.2%) | 0.234 | 4 (eight.2%) | 0.151 |
| | ||||||
| Average | 23 (12.7%) | 11 (vi.ane%) | half-dozen (3.3%) | |||
| | ||||||
| Adept | 21 (12.5%) | 5 (iii.0%) | 4 (2.four%) | |||
| | ||||||
| How practice you perceive your health status? | ||||||
| | ||||||
| Poor | 1 (16.7%) | 0.035 | 2 (33.three%) | 0.001 | one (16.7%) | 0.077 |
| | ||||||
| Average | fifteen (21.7%) | viii (eleven.6%) | v (7.two%) | |||
| | ||||||
| Adept | 34 (x.five%) | 12 (3.7%) | 10 (three.1%) | |||
| | ||||||
| Total | 50 (12.5%) | 22 (5.5%) | xvi (4%) | |||
| | ||||||
Depression was three times more prevalent amongst those aged 40–49 years (20.3%) than those aged < 30 years (half-dozen.6%) (p = 0.029). Bangladeshi participants had the highest prevalence of depression (26.4%), followed past Filipino participants (21.4%), while Arab participants had the least prevalence (vii.iii%) (p = 0.009). Although marital status had no significant effect on depression, those living with family had approximately twice more depression (22.6%) than those living alone (12.iii%) or living with colleagues (9.6%) (p = 0.025). While employment status had no significant effect on depression, monthly income had a significant effect, with depression more prevalent among those getting the highest income of >15,000 QR (33.3%), followed by those who get the everyman salary of < 2,000 QR (18.ane%) (p = 0.004). The level of education and perception of knowledge nigh COVID-19 did not significantly affect the prevalence of depression. However, those who considered their health condition to be in the average range had a higher degree of depression (21.seven%) (p = 0.035) (Table iv).
Anxiety was also most prevalent among Bangladeshi participants (fifteen.1%), twice more common than in Filipino participants (vii.one%) and 5 times more mutual than in Nepali participants (iii.2%) who had the least prevalence of anxiety (p = 0.042). The participants with the everyman monthly income ( < 2,000 QR) had more anxiety than others (ten.ii%) (p = 0.039). Feet was most common amidst those who considered their health condition as poor (33.3%), three times more than those who considered their health condition as boilerplate (11.6%) and nine times more than those who considered their wellness status as skilful (3.7%) (p = 0.001). Historic period group, marital status, living condition, employment status, pedagogy level, and perception of knowledge about COVID-19 had no meaning consequence on the prevalence of anxiety. None of the demographic variables had pregnant effects on the comorbid prevalence of low and anxiety (Table iv).
The logistic regression model for low was meaning (p < 0.05 on the omnibus tests of model coefficients and Hosmer and Lemeshow exam). Using the forrad stepwise logistic regression method, living condition, monthly income, instruction level, and perception of health condition were included in the last model. When considering each of the variables included in the analysis (Table 5), results revealed that living condition significantly predicted depressive symptoms in patients with COVID-19 admitted at LFH. In detail, those living with their family were more probable to be depressed. Monthly income, pedagogy level, and health perception did non significantly predict depression.
Table 5
| Predictor | β | S.E. | Wald | P-value | eβ (odds ratio) | |
| | ||||||
| Living condition | Living with colleagues vs. alone | − 0.24 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.53 | 0.79 |
| | ||||||
| Living with family unit vs. alone | 0.94 | 0.47 | four.04 | 0.04 | 2.55 | |
| | ||||||
| Monthly | 2000–5000 vs. < 2000 | − 0.09 | 0.42 | 0.05 | 0.83 | 0.91 |
| | ||||||
| Income (QR) | 5000–15000 vs. < 2000 | − 0.54 | 0.44 | 1.45 | 0.23 | 0.59 |
| | ||||||
| >15000 vs. < 2000 | 1.53 | 0.80 | iii.64 | 0.06 | 4.63 | |
| | ||||||
| Level of Education | Primary schoolhouse vs. no school | − 0.57 | 0.77 | 0.55 | 0.46 | 0.56 |
| | ||||||
| Secondary school vs. no schoolhouse | 0.05 | 0.74 | 0.00 | 0.95 | 1.05 | |
| | ||||||
| Academy or higher vs. No school | − one.33 | 0.88 | two.32 | 0.xiii | 0.26 | |
| | ||||||
| How do y'all | Average vs. poor | 1.09 | 1.22 | 0.81 | 0.37 | 2.98 |
| | ||||||
| perceive your health status? | Expert vs. poor | 0.05 | 1.19 | 0.00 | 0.97 | 1.05 |
| | ||||||
The logistic regression model for anxiety was significant (p < 0.05 on the motorcoach tests of model coefficients). Using the forward stepwise logistic regression method, perception of health condition was included in the final model. When considering the variable included in the analysis (Table 6), results showed that health perception significantly predicted anxiety symptoms in patients with COVID-19 admitted at LFH. Participants with poor health perception were more probable to exist anxious.
Table 6
| Predictor | β | S.E. | Wald | P-value | eβ (odds ratio) | |
| | ||||||
| How practise you perceive | Average vs. poor | − i.62 | 0.97 | 2.78 | 0.10 | 0.20 |
| | ||||||
| your health condition? | Good vs. poor | − 2.76 | 0.93 | eight.88 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
| | ||||||
While the models correctly classified 87.eight% and 94.9% of the responses for depression and anxiety, respectively, there may be a range of variables beyond those captured in this study that may further explicate why male patients with COVID-19 develop depression and anxiety.
Discussion
To the best of our noesis, this is the first written report to explore low and feet from a state-managed COVID-nineteen field hospital in Qatar. Although the distribution of nationalities was not entirely like to that of Qatar'southward population, it was representative of patients at LFH, as all patients were invited to participate regardless of their nationality, and the survey was bachelor in six languages. This study mainly plant loftier levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms in men. The overall prevalence of depressive symptoms is establish in 37.0% and 12.5% of the participants for a PHQ-9 cut-off of 5 and 10 points, respectively (Tables 2 and 4). 18 Moreover, 19.3% and 5.5% of the respondents reported anxiety symptoms for a GAD-7 cut-off of 5 and x points, respectively (Tables 3 and 4). 19 The prevalence of depressive symptoms in our study was lower than those in patients with SARS-CoV-1 infection during the SARS epidemic (50.6% using Beck Low Inventory) and patients with COVID-nineteen in Wuhan (60.8% and 29.2% for a cutting-off of five and x points, respectively, using PHQ-nine). xxx,31 The social activities and privacy offered to patients at LFH and the balmy COVID-19 infection of all patients tin partially explicate the lower prevalence.
Conversely, our study demonstrates higher rates of low and feet than pre-pandemic rates of depression and anxiety among male person Qatari nationals, who were surveyed using the Arabic version of the Globe Mental Health –Composite International Diagnostic Interview instrument. The major low disorders were prevalent in thirteen.8% compared with 37.0% in our written report, and generalized anxiety was found in 7.8% compared with 19.3% in our written report. 32 One possible explanation was that all our report participants were expatriates. The migrant population is well-documented to be more susceptible to stress; thus, mental health issues institute a public-wellness problem worldwide. 33,34
The prevalence of depressive symptoms in our study (37.0%) was similar to that of individuals inside Qatar's institutional quarantine and isolation centers, which was 37.4% using a cut-off of 5 points on PHQ-9. 35 Past contrast, the prevalence of anxiety in the latter is greater than that of our written report, that is, 25.ix% using a cut-off of v points on GAD-seven compared with 19.3% in our study. This could be due to our inclusion of only male person participants, every bit there might be increased fear related to COVID-19 among women, as shown in a cross-sectional study amid Italian adults. 36 However, the old study had a very various sociodemographic sample that was non entirely comparable to our report sample. As expected, the psychological influence of the COVID-19 pandemic was college among healthcare workers exposed to COVID-nineteen in Qatar than patients with COVID-19 at LFH, every bit 42.5% and 41.7% of medical residents exposed to COVID-19 reported depressive and feet symptoms (assessed past the Low, Anxiety and Stress Scale: 21 Items) in a cross-sectional study at HMC. 37 A possible explanation was that healthcare workers were at the forefront from the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, autonomously from their families, worried well-nigh themselves and their families from being infected forth with the long working hours.
Among factors that might have altered the chance of depression in male person patients with COVID-19 at LFH, recipients with the highest and lowest income reported more than depressive symptoms (Table four). In comparison, participants with the lowest income reported more anxiety symptoms. Unsteady family income has been associated with an increased chance of depression and anxiety during the pandemic. 38 In this study, some other associated factor was self-rated health. Feet was more common amid those who had poor self-rated wellness (Table half-dozen), which is consistent with previous studies. 39 A 3rd associated gene relates to living with a family instead of living lonely or with colleagues. Those living with family had more depressive symptoms (Table 5), which is in accordance with previous studies where patients with COVID-19 worry about family being infected. 40 Equally regards ethnicity, Southeast Asians had the highest rates of depression and anxiety. This clan is not consistent with a previous prevalence written report in Qatar, which showed the lowest prevalence of major depressive episodes in participants from Southern asia simply the highest prevalence of subthreshold depressive episodes in Arabs and Southeast Asians. 41 Contributing factors in the latter could be a chronic health condition, a variable not captured in our study, and psychosocial factors such as long working hours, physical demands of employment, and long-term separation from their families. 42,43
Limitations
Firstly, the most significant limitation in this study is the lack of female participants, as the hospital was allocated only for male patients. Secondly, the unbalanced nationality distribution, which reflects patients at LFH just not Qatar's population, could exist due to a cluster of cases among Nepali workers who share housing. Thirdly, omitting the previous medical illnesses could be a confounding cistron. Fourthly, nosotros did non appraise fiscal security, as employed participants were non asked if they were still being paid during their illness. Finally, the written report is express by its research pattern, which only gives a snapshot over a short period.
Conclusion
The study data illustrate that the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms is high among male patients who were hospitalized with noncritical COVID-19, and it is college than the pre-pandemic reported rates in Qatar. The report identifies multiple associated factors. Firstly, the unsteady income, equally the highest and lowest income, is associated with more depressive symptoms and the lowest income is associated with more anxiety symptoms. Secondly, poor cocky-rated health is associated with college rates of feet symptoms. Thirdly, living with a family rather than with colleagues or living lone is associated with college rates of depressive symptoms. Fourthly, Southeast Asian ethnicity has the highest rates of depression and feet. Finally, individuals anile 40–49 years have higher rates of depressive symptoms. The study also identifies significant predictive factors: living with a family was found to predict depressive symptoms, and poor health perception was found to predict feet symptoms.
Authors' contributions
NZ: Study design, carry of the study, drove and interpretation of data, statistical analysis, manuscript writing, and revision.
AA: Study design, conduct of the written report, collection and estimation of data, statistical analysis, manuscript writing, and revision
MA: Study design, deport of the study, collection of information, and manuscript writing.
MM: Study blueprint, conduct of the report, collection of information, and manuscript writing.
AM: Deport of the report, collection of data, and manuscript writing.
SS: Behave of the study, collection of information, and manuscript writing.
YN: Interpretation of information, and manuscript writing and revision.
MK: Interpretation of information, and manuscript writing and revision.
AA: Written report design, deport of the study, and manuscript revision.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank all faculties in Family Medicine Residency Training Program in Qatar for their continuous guidance and support. Special thanks to Dr. Prem Chandra, Academic Research Scientist at HMC, for his outstanding efforts in data analysis. We extend our thanks to Dr. Sami Ouanes, Clinical Beau in General Adult Psychiatry at HMC, for his corking help in the estimation of data.
Competing interests
All authors have no competing interests.
Funding sources
This research did not receive any specific grant from any funding agency.
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Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8667206/
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